The role of the low-molecular-weight proteins of the CP43 pre-assembly complex of Photosystem II

The biogenesis of Photosystem II (PS II) involves the stepwise assembly of the reaction centre subcomplex together with the subsequent addition of the two chlorophyll-binding core antenna proteins, CP43 and CP47. In this study, the function of four low-molecular-weight proteins (Psb27, Psb30, PsbK and PsbZ) belonging to the CP43 pre-assembly complex was investigated in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The PsbK, PsbZ and Psb30 polypeptides are retained in the holoenzyme, but while Psb27 appears to participate in both the biogenesis and repair pathways, it is not a constituent of the mature complex. The role of conserved amino acid residues of the Psb27 protein potentially involved in protein-protein interactions with other PS II subunits was studied by introducing amino acid substitutions in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. These amino acid substitutions did not impede the biogenesis and repair pathways of photosystem and PS II electron transport kinetics in these mutants resembled those observed for wild type. However, chlorophyll fluorescence induction measurements indicated mutations in Psb27 altered the state transitions regulating energy transfer to the Photosystem I (PS I) and PS II and the D14A, D58E, D58K, and K63D strains exhibited changes in PBS coupling and energy transfer to PS II. Additionally, Psb27 mutations were found to alter the PS I level. Whole genome sequencing of a particular Psb27 mutant line (R54E*) revealed a C to A substitution in the psbA2 gene corresponding to a His252 to Gln substitution in the D1 reaction centre protein. Confirmation that D1:His252 was required for normal electron transfer between the primary (QA) and secondary (QB) electron acceptors was obtained by introducing point mutations into a psbA-deletion mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Additionally, the D1-Ser264 was also targeted, since D1-Ser264 has also been suggested to be involved in the configuration of the QB site and is in close proximity to His252. The D1-His252 mutants as well as D1-Ser264 mutants, displayed low PS II oxygen-evolving activity and impaired electron transfer between QA and QB supporting calculations suggesting His252 and Ser264 participate in the protonation of the QB- semiquinone during the turnover of the two-electron gate. Additionally, the PsbK, PsbZ and Psb30 subunits were not absolutely required for PS II activity; however, it was found that these subunits contributed to the ability of PS II to withstand photodamage following exposure to high light. Also, the Psb27 protein appears necessary for efficient repair or photoactivation of PS II and its absence along with LMW proteins (Psb30, PsbK and PsbZ) results in an increased susceptibility to photoinhibition

ETHICS AND HUMANITIES: EXPLORATION OF LINKAGES

There has been a phenomenal expansion in epistemology over the globe; ever since the Greek Civilization. Aristotle was considered to be the first exponent of Ethics. He was of the view that, the true self is the rational self. The activity of thorough actualizes the rational self. On the other hand, the monumental historical treatise of Plato on Politics gave rise to the emergence of Political Moralities. Likewise, Herodotus the famous Greek Philosopher and Historian emphasized upon Human Ethics in different Cultural Realms.Nowadays, no branch of knowledge can be sustained aloof due to the emergence of epistemological linkages. And, the ethics is perhaps no exception to this rule. With, the emergence of Multidisciplinary Approach [as one of the tool of research methodology] probably, during the first half of 20th Century. It becomes possible to explore the linkages inferred from ethics and humanities. The present research article seeks to investigate the relational and functional linkages

Linking Farmers to Markets for High-Value Agricultural Commodities

Growing demand for high-value food commodities is opening up opportunities for farmers, especially smallholders to diversify towards commodities that have strong potential for higher returns to land, labour and capital. But, there is an apprehension about the capability of smallholders to participate in the market-oriented production due to their lack of access to markets, capital, inputs, and technology and extension services. In this paper, possibilities have been explored of linking smallholders to markets through such institutions as cooperatives, growers’ associations and contract farming that reduce marketing and transaction costs and alleviate some production constraints. Evidence has shown that smallholders do participate and make a sizeable contribution to the production of high-value food commodities, but their links to markets are not strong. Though market institutions like cooperatives, contract farming and growers’ associations do not altogether ignore smallholders, some policy support is imperative to strengthen their linkages with the markets.Agribusiness, Marketing,

Shear Strength Models for Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams: Current Scenario

This review paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of various studies conducted on the shear strength of Self-compacting Concrete (SCC) and Normally Vibrated Concrete (NVC) in order to determine the sustainability and affordability of SCC as a construction material. Compaction is the main factor in concrete production. NVC needs compaction and vibration to remove the entrapped air which is both expensive and time-consuming. But SCC has flow ability and passing ability. Although SCC takes a greater amount of paste content, thereby raising the cost of building material, yet the use of such waste material as fly ash, silica, etc. comes in handy as paste content. Thus, the advantages offered by SCC in terms of increased strength as well as cost reduction makes it a highly desirable construction material. The review has selected the works of some eminent scholars on concrete and has analyzed them through individual as well as comparative perspective. A close analysis has helped filter out relevant works for the current study. This process of selection has proved helpful to include most standard works available in the review. Major findings have been enlisted at the end and ways to improve concrete behaviour have been suggested. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091661 Full Text: PD

SUB-REGIONAL POPULATION ANALYSIS OF UTTARAKHAND

During the post-reorganisation period Uttarakhand experienced a stepped up acceleration in its demographic dynamics. In tune with rapid changes in its socio-economic contours the state has witnessed important changes in its demographic complexion (i.e. in various attributes of its population structure). In this paper an effort has been made to examine and analyse the spatio-temporal trends in growth and distribution of population in Uttarakhand, based on census data. The paper seeks to understand the patterns of population growth and distribution from the time of creation of state at sub-regional levels. While the first attribute focuses on population change, no matter whether the change is positive or negative, the second aspects highlights the population’s distributive tendencies in a geographic space. The area of study stands marked by further decline in population growth rate and stepped up tempo of out-migration. Simultaneously, the area of study has witnessed a steady rise of in-migration as well. Consequently, The state of Uttarakhand is on a verge of new demographic threshold which pretends to usher in profound socio economic changes having far reaching implications. Research inquiries relating to growth and distribution of population, forms the very viewpoints for sustainable areal development and financial allocations

Investigating the Impact of Self Efficacy and Actively Caring on Safely Behaviour : A Study Among Medical Laboratory Technologist

The main purpose of this study is to examine and gain a better understanding of the relationships between self efficacy and actively caring on safety behaviour. A cross sectional study was carried out among 145 medical laboratory technologists. Data which was gathered through a questionnaire survey which was analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) software 17.0. The research objectives were answered using the relevant statistical analyses. The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between self efficacy and actively caring on safety behaviour. This study also provided information considered useful for framing future research on safety intervention programmes that focuses on characteristics of individuals. New directions for future theoretical framework development and research are suggested for future research to be more complete and comprehensive

Comparative Study of Load Balancing Algorithms in Cloud Environment

Cloud computing technology is changing the focus of IT world and it is becoming famous because of its great characteristics. Load balancing is one of the main challenges in cloud computing for distributing workloads across multiple computers or a computer cluster, network links, central processing units, disk drives, or other resources. Successful load balancing optimizes resource use, maximizes throughput, minimizes response time, and avoids overload. This paper presents the comparative study of load balancing algorithms based on the parameters: response time, data centre processing time and cost is reduced. The results discussed in this paper, based on existing round robin, throttled load balance and active monitoring load balancing algorithm

STUDENTS & YOUTH LEADERSHIP MOVEMNTS IN GLOBAL CONTEXTS AND THEIR IMPACTS ON SOCIETY

This Paper highlights youth revolutionary movements in global context and their positive impacts on the society. The paper broadly covers two types of movements across the globe: movements regarding climate change and human civil rights. Using these two subjects, the research paper provides the readers with the evidence of how youth in the age group of 15 to 29 years of age have demonstrated their abilities to be the change agents in their respective fields and how they are impacting human lives not only in their own countries but all over the world. Various online newsletters /websites have been used to study the youth contribution and its impact for the purpose of completing this research paper. The research shows a strong commitment on the part of the youth in the above age group to fight back against the above environmental/social evils. The results show how innovative and creative these youths are in their approach towards bringing about the strong positive changes. The results also show how women leaders in their tender young age are leading from the front to bring about these revolutionary changes that have greater positive welcome impact on the human lives across the world. The research paper gives us a hope that these young creative leaders shall be taking the humanity to a better and brighter future. The findings have implications for youth leadership and those who advocate for, work with, support, and educate them, and for those interested in evaluating environmental and social change efforts